Analisis Biaya Ekonomi dan Dampak Lingkungan dari Eksploitasi Sumber Daya Alam Tidak Terbarukan di Indonesia

Abstract

The exploitation of non-renewable natural resources, including oil, natural gas, coal, and mineral resources, plays an important role in Indonesia's economy. It can generate revenue, create employment, and support energy supplies and industrial raw materials. However, extraction also creates economic costs and environmental impacts, including land degradation, water and air pollution, ecosystem loss, and environmental rehabilitation expenses. This study aims to analyze the economic benefits and costs associated with the exploitation of non-renewable natural resources in Indonesia and explain why environmental impacts should be included in decision-making. The study uses a qualitative literature review of 20 relevant journal articles. The data are analyzed descriptively by grouping findings into economic benefits, external costs, environmental impacts, and policy options. The review indicates that financial gains from extractive activities do not necessarily represent net social benefits when pollution, ecosystem damage, health impacts, and rehabilitation costs are excluded. Resource management therefore requires effective monitoring, reclamation obligations, law enforcement, transparent revenue management, and the development of alternative economic activities in resource-producing regions. The study concludes that extraction should be assessed in terms of both short-term economic benefits and long-term social and environmental costs.