Etika Penagihan Utang dalam al-Qur’ān dan Relevansinya terhadap Praktik Debt Collection Fintech: Studi Komparatif Tafsir al-Ālūsī dan al-Sya‘rāwī atas QS. al-Baqarah [2]: 280

Abstract

This article examines the ethics of debt collection in the Qur’ān through a comparative analysis of the interpretations of al-Ālūsī in Rūḥ al-Ma‘ānī and al-Sya‘rāwī in Tafsīr al-Sya‘rāwī on QS. al-Baqarah [2]: 280, alongside their relevance to the phenomenon of debt collection by financial technology (fintech). The primary issue underlying this research is the proliferation of intimidated, inhumane, and privacy-violating online loan collection practices, which sharply contrast with the moral guidance of the Qur’ān. Utilizing a qualitative library research method with a muqāran (comparative) approach, this study conducts a textual analysis of the respective exegeses. The findings indicate that al-Ālūsī accentuates a theological-philological dimension, asserting that granting a deferral (naẓirah) to debtors experiencing financial hardship (żū ‘usrah) constitutes a binding legal obligation applicable to both usurious and general debts. Conversely, al-Sya‘rāwī employs an integrative-psychological approach, blending formal legal parameters with humanitarian ethics rooted in the value of ihsan. Al-Sya‘rāwī stresses that debt collection must not intimidate or lead to the incarceration of genuinely distressed debtors (ma‘żūr bi ḥaqq). The practical implication of both scholars' interpretations for fintech regulation underscores the necessity of reconstructing debt collection ethics to prioritize transparency, empathy, humanity, and the protection of human dignity. Consequently, the Qur’ān provides a robust ethical foundation to rectify the rigidity of capitalistic laws in the modern digital financial realm while transforming debt collection practices into a just instrument of social security.